Unit 2 Research Questions

Advances in Medical Research and Public Health

In the 1930s and 1940s, Canada made significant progress in medical research, particularly in combating infectious diseases like tuberculosis and influenza. Vaccination programs and improvements in public health infrastructure were implemented nationwide.

• How did Canadian public health programs in the 1930s and 1940s address the spread of infectious diseases like tuberculosis and influenza?
• What role did medical research in Canada play in developing treatments and vaccinations for common infectious diseases during this period?

The Discovery of Penicillin and Its Use During World War II

Following the discovery of penicillin in 1928, Canadian scientists and doctors played a crucial role in the mass production of this antibiotic during World War II, which helped save lives on the battlefield and at home.

• How did Canadian researchers contribute to the mass production and distribution of penicillin during World War II?
• What impact did penicillin have on battlefield medicine during World War II, and how did it help save the lives of Canadian soldiers?

Development of Radar Technology During World War II

During World War II, Canada contributed to the development of radar technology, which was vital for military defense and navigation. The National Research Council of Canada played a significant role in these advancements, particularly for the Royal Canadian Navy and Air Force.

• How did Canadian scientists contribute to the development and use of radar technology during World War II, and what impact did it have on the war effort?
• In what ways did the National Research Council of Canada assist in developing radar systems for the Royal Canadian Navy and Air Force?

The Growth of Agriculture Research and Development

During the 1930s, Canadian scientists worked on improving crop yields and agricultural practices, particularly in response to the drought and dust storms in the Prairies. This research helped farmers manage soil erosion and adapt to changing environmental conditions.

• What advancements in agricultural research were made in Canada during the 1930s, particularly in response to the drought in the Prairie provinces?
• How did Canadian scientists help farmers adapt to changing environmental conditions and improve crop yields during the Depression?

Hydroelectric Power Expansion and Engineering

Canada’s natural resources were increasingly harnessed during this period, with major hydroelectric projects expanding in provinces like Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. These projects required significant engineering advances and laid the foundation for future energy infrastructure.

• What were some of the major hydroelectric projects undertaken in Canada between 1930 and 1945, and how did they contribute to economic growth and energy production?
• How did Canadian engineers and scientists innovate in the field of hydroelectric power generation during this period, particularly in provinces like Quebec and British Columbia?

Development of Atomic Energy and Early Nuclear Research

As part of the broader Allied war effort, Canada became involved in early nuclear research during World War II. The development of the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario (1944) marked the start of Canada’s significant role in atomic energy research and production.

• How did Canada become involved in early nuclear research during World War II, and what was the significance of the Chalk River Laboratories?
• What role did Canadian scientists play in the global development of atomic energy, and how did their work contribute to post-war scientific advancements?

Indigenous Knowledge in Environmental Stewardship

First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities continued to apply their traditional knowledge in environmental management, particularly in the areas of sustainable hunting, fishing, and land use. Indigenous knowledge systems played an important role in discussions of environmental sustainability, though they were often marginalized by mainstream scientific approaches.

• How did First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities use traditional knowledge to manage natural resources and maintain environmental sustainability during this period?
• In what ways was Indigenous environmental knowledge marginalized or incorporated into mainstream scientific practices in Canada during the 1930s and 1940s?

Tuberculosis Epidemic and Its Impact on Indigenous Communities

During the 1930s and 1940s, tuberculosis disproportionately affected First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, leading to significant medical interventions, including the establishment of tuberculosis sanatoriums. Indigenous communities faced harsh conditions, inadequate healthcare, and a lack of culturally appropriate treatments.

• How did tuberculosis disproportionately affect First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities in the 1930s and 1940s, and what medical responses were implemented?
• What were the conditions like in tuberculosis sanatoriums for Indigenous patients, and how did government policies impact healthcare for Indigenous communities during this time?

The Canadian Aviation Industry and Aeronautics Research

Advances in aeronautics research, particularly during World War II, positioned Canada as a key player in aviation technology. Canadian aircraft manufacturing grew significantly, with companies like de Havilland Canada contributing to the war effort and post-war aviation development.

• How did the Canadian aviation industry grow during World War II, and what were some of the key aircraft produced by Canadian companies like de Havilland Canada?
• What contributions did Canadian scientists and engineers make to aeronautics research, and how did these advancements impact both the war effort and post-war aviation?

Telecommunications and Radio Technology

The expansion of radio technology and telecommunications during the 1930s and 1940s helped connect Canada’s vast geography. Research into radio transmission, led by Canadian scientists, contributed to both civilian and military communication systems, including support for the war effort.

• How did the expansion of telecommunications and radio technology in the 1930s and 1940s connect different regions of Canada and improve communication?
• What role did Canadian scientists play in advancing radio technology during World War II, and how did these innovations support military and civilian communication?

Canada’s Growing Autonomy in Foreign Affairs

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Canada continued to assert its independence from Britain in international relations, particularly through the Statute of Westminster (1931) and its independent participation in World War II. Canada played a more prominent role on the world stage, shaping its own foreign policy.

• How did the Statute of Westminster (1931) contribute to Canada’s growing independence in shaping its foreign policy and international relations?
• In what ways did Canada’s participation in World War II further solidify its role as an independent nation on the global stage?

Canada’s Involvement in the League of Nations and Early Diplomacy

Canada was a member of the League of Nations throughout the 1930s, participating in discussions around disarmament and collective security. This involvement marked an early attempt by Canada to engage in multilateral diplomacy.

• What were Canada’s key contributions to the League of Nations in the 1930s, and how did it influence discussions on disarmament and collective security?
• Why did the League of Nations fail to prevent conflicts leading up to World War II, and how did Canada respond to these challenges in its diplomacy?

World War II and Canada’s Role in the Allied War Effort

From 1939 to 1945, Canada became a significant contributor to the Allied war effort in World War II, providing military forces, supplies, and food. Canada also played a key role in the Battle of the Atlantic, the Normandy Invasion (D-Day), and diplomatic efforts among the Allies.

• What were Canada’s most significant military contributions during World War II, including its role in major battles like the Battle of the Atlantic and D-Day?
• How did Canada support the Allied war effort economically and through the production of war materials, and what impact did this have on its economy?

The Ogdensburg Agreement and Closer Canada-U.S. Relations (1940)

In 1940, Canada and the United States signed the Ogdensburg Agreement, establishing the Permanent Joint Board on Defence. This agreement marked the beginning of closer military and economic cooperation between Canada and the U.S., particularly in the context of North American defense during World War II.

• How did the Ogdensburg Agreement shape the defense relationship between Canada and the United States during World War II?
• In what ways did World War II strengthen the economic and military ties between Canada and the United States, particularly in terms of North American defense?

The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (1939-1945)

During World War II, Canada hosted the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, which became one of the largest air training programs in history. Canada trained thousands of aircrew members from Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and other Allied countries, enhancing its role as a key Allied partner.

• How did the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan contribute to the Allied war effort, and why was Canada chosen to host this program?
• What impact did the air training program have on Canada’s economy and its role within the British Commonwealth during World War II?

First Nations Contributions to the War Effort

Despite systemic discrimination and being excluded from conscription, many First Nations individuals volunteered to serve in the Canadian military during World War II. Their service highlighted their important role in Canada’s international war effort, even as they continued to face domestic challenges.

• How did First Nations individuals contribute to the Canadian military during World War II, and what were some notable accomplishments by Indigenous soldiers?
• What challenges did First Nations soldiers face during and after the war, particularly regarding recognition, benefits, and discrimination?

Japanese Canadian Internment During World War II

After Japan’s entry into World War II in 1941, Canada’s government forcibly relocated and interned over 20,000 Japanese Canadians, primarily from British Columbia, due to fears of espionage and sabotage. This decision was influenced by international war concerns but had deep domestic and human rights implications.

• What were the key reasons behind the Canadian government’s decision to intern Japanese Canadians during World War II, and how did this impact the Japanese Canadian community?
• How has the legacy of Japanese Canadian internment been addressed in Canadian history, and what reparations or apologies have been made by the government?

Canada and the Formation of the United Nations (1945)

As World War II came to an end, Canada played a role in the formation of the United Nations, advocating for peacekeeping, international cooperation, and collective security. This marked Canada’s continued involvement in shaping post- war global governance.

• What role did Canada play in the founding of the United Nations, and how did its experiences during World War II shape its vision for international cooperation and peacekeeping?
• How did Canada advocate for the principles of peacekeeping and collective security in the early years of the United Nations?

The Atlantic Charter and Post-War International Planning (1941)

Canada supported the principles of the Atlantic Charter, which outlined the Allies’ vision for a post-war world, including self-determination and free trade. These ideals influenced Canada’s post-war international relations and diplomatic efforts.

• How did Canada support the principles of the Atlantic Charter during World War II, and what were the Charter’s key goals for the post-war world?
• In what ways did the Atlantic Charter influence Canada’s approach to post-war international relations, particularly in promoting self-determination and free trade?

Inuit Communities and Changing Arctic Sovereignty

During World War II, Canada began to take a greater interest in asserting sovereignty over its Arctic territories, partially in response to U.S. and European interest in the region. This had significant implications for Inuit communities, as their traditional lands became part of broader discussions around defense and sovereignty.

• How did World War II increase Canadian interest in asserting sovereignty over the Arctic, and what role did Inuit communities play in these discussions?
• What were the social and economic impacts of changing Arctic sovereignty on Inuit communities during World War II, particularly in relation to defense and resource development?

Government Responses to the Great Depression (1930s)

The Canadian government responded to the widespread poverty and unemployment of the Great Depression with various relief efforts, such as relief payments, public works programs, and work camps for the unemployed. These programs were unevenly implemented and often controversial.

• What were the main government relief programs introduced in Canada during the Great Depression, and how effective were they in addressing unemployment and poverty?
• How did the Canadian government’s response to the Great Depression differ from those of other countries, such as the United States or Britain?

Labour Unrest and the Rise of Organized Labour

The economic hardships of the 1930s led to increased labour strikes and the growth of the labour movement. Workers in key industries demanded better wages, job security, and improved working conditions, leading to significant labour unrest in cities like Winnipeg, Vancouver, and Toronto.

• How did labour strikes in cities like Winnipeg, Vancouver, and Toronto reflect the economic and social tensions of the 1930s in Canada?
• What were the key demands of workers involved in labour strikes during the 1930s, and how did these movements influence labour rights in Canada?

Expansion of Social Welfare Programs

In response to the challenges of the Great Depression, Canada saw the early development of social welfare programs. Programs such as unemployment insurance and family allowances were introduced or expanded during this period, laying the groundwork for Canada’s post-war welfare state.

• How did the introduction of unemployment insurance and family allowances in Canada during the 1930s and 1940s shape the development of the welfare state?
• What social and economic factors led to the expansion of welfare programs during World War II, and how did they impact Canadian families?

Women’s Roles During World War II

With many men serving in the military during World War II, Canadian women took on new roles in the workforce, particularly in manufacturing and other war-related industries. This period marked significant changes in gender roles and women’s economic contributions.

• How did World War II create new opportunities for Canadian women in the workforce, and what industries saw the greatest increase in female workers?
• In what ways did women’s contributions during the war challenge traditional gender roles in Canadian society, and how did this influence post-war gender equality?

The Displacement and Internment of Japanese Canadians

During World War II, over 20,000 Japanese Canadians were forcibly removed from their homes and interned in camps. Their property was confiscated, and they were relocated primarily to internment camps in British Columbia and other provinces, a decision driven by wartime fears and racial prejudice.

• What were the key reasons behind the Canadian government’s decision to intern Japanese Canadians during World War II, and how did this policy affect the Japanese Canadian community?
• How has the legacy of Japanese Canadian internment been addressed in Canadian history, and what reparations or apologies have been made by the government?

Impact of the Depression and War on First Nations Communities

First Nations communities faced significant challenges during the Great Depression, including poverty, limited access to government relief programs, and pressure to assimilate. Many First Nations individuals volunteered for service during World War II, contributing to the war effort despite facing discrimination.

• How did the Great Depression disproportionately affect First Nations communities in Canada, and what barriers did they face in accessing government relief programs?
• What role did First Nations soldiers play in World War II, and how were their contributions to the war effort recognized after the conflict?

Métis Communities and Land Rights Struggles

Métis communities in Western Canada faced ongoing struggles for recognition and land rights during this period. Displacement from traditional lands and inadequate government policies contributed to poverty and marginalization among Métis populations.

• How did the Métis communities of Western Canada face challenges related to land rights and recognition during the 1930s and 1940s?
• What were some of the key legal or political actions taken by Métis leaders to advocate for land rights and social justice during this period?

Inuit Communities and Changing Arctic Relations

The involvement of Canada in World War II led to increased interest in the Arctic, where Inuit communities faced disruptions to their traditional ways of life due to military activities, infrastructure projects, and the increased presence of southern Canadians.

• How did World War II and Canada’s increased interest in the Arctic affect Inuit communities, particularly in terms of traditional livelihoods and cultural practices?
• What were the long-term impacts of military activities and infrastructure projects in the Arctic on Inuit communities during and after World War II?

Urbanization and Housing Shortages

World War II accelerated urbanization, particularly in cities like Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Rapid population growth due to migration and industrial expansion led to housing shortages, overcrowding, and poor living conditions in urban areas.

• How did rapid urbanization during World War II contribute to housing shortages in cities like Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver, and what solutions were proposed to address these challenges?
• What were the social and economic impacts of urban overcrowding on Canadian cities during the war, particularly regarding public health and living conditions?

The Development of Health Care Initiatives

The 1930s and 1940s saw the early stages of discussions around public health care. While universal health care had not yet been established, concerns about public health and access to medical care grew, especially with the increasing needs during and after World War II.

• How did discussions about public health care in the 1930s and 1940s influence Canada’s eventual adoption of universal health care in later decades?
• What were the main health care challenges faced by Canadians during World War II, and how did the government address issues related to access and medical care?

The Rise of Canadian Nationalism in Art

During the 1930s and 1940s, Canadian artists increasingly focused on themes of national identity, often depicting the Canadian landscape, rural life, and the country’s historical narratives. This period saw the continuation of the Group of Seven’s influence on Canadian art.

• How did Canadian artists of the 1930s and 1940s, like the Group of Seven, express themes of national identity in their work, and what impact did this have on Canadian culture?
• How did the depiction of the Canadian landscape in art influence the development of a distinct Canadian identity during this period?

The Emergence of Social Realism in Art and Literature

The economic hardship of the Great Depression inspired Canadian artists and writers to adopt social realism, a movement that focused on the struggles of ordinary people. Artists like Paraskeva Clark and writers like Hugh MacLennan captured the hardships and resilience of Canadians during this time.

• How did the Great Depression influence the rise of social realism in Canadian art and literature, and what were some common themes explored by artists and writers during this period?
• In what ways did artists like Paraskeva Clark and writers like Hugh MacLennan depict the struggles of ordinary Canadians in their work during the 1930s and 1940s?

The Influence of World War II on Canadian Arts and Culture

World War II had a profound effect on Canadian arts, with artists, writers, and filmmakers creating works that reflected the war experience. The war effort led to the creation of propaganda art and the documentation of Canadian soldiers’ experiences.

• How did Canadian artists, filmmakers, and writers contribute to the war effort during World War II, and how did their work reflect the experiences of Canadian soldiers and civilians?
• What role did propaganda art and government-sponsored media play in shaping Canadian public opinion during World War II?

Growth of Canadian Film and Radio

The 1930s and 1940s saw the rise of Canadian film and radio as important cultural mediums. The National Film Board of Canada (NFB) was established in 1939, producing documentary films that promoted Canadian identity, while radio became a popular means of mass communication and entertainment.

• How did the establishment of the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) in 1939 contribute to the growth of Canadian cinema, and what were some of the NFB’s most important early productions?
• How did the rise of radio in Canada during the 1930s and 1940s impact Canadian society, and what were some of the most popular radio programs of the time?

Indigenous Art and Cultural Resilience

Despite the challenges of assimilation policies and residential schools, First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities continued to preserve and express their cultural heritage through traditional art forms such as carving, beading, and storytelling. Artists like Inuit sculptor John Pangnark emerged during this period, showcasing Indigenous art to a broader audience.

• How did First Nations, Métis, and Inuit artists maintain and express their cultural heritage during a period of assimilation policies, and what are some examples of Indigenous art from the 1930s and 1940s?
• How did Indigenous artists, such as Inuit sculptor John Pangnark, begin to gain recognition in Canada and internationally during this period?

Folk Music and Cultural Traditions

Folk music remained an important part of Canadian culture, especially in rural and immigrant communities. Traditional songs, music festivals, and oral storytelling reflected Canada’s diverse cultural heritage, especially among French Canadians and Indigenous peoples.

• How did folk music play a role in preserving cultural traditions in rural and immigrant communities across Canada during the 1930s and 1940s?
• In what ways did traditional songs and music festivals contribute to the development of a unique Canadian cultural identity, particularly among French Canadians and Indigenous peoples?

Development of the Canadian Ballet and Performing Arts

During the 1940s, the performing arts began to flourish in Canada. The establishment of the National Ballet of Canada in 1951 was preceded by growing interest in ballet, theatre, and classical music during the wartime period, with performances held in major cities.

• What led to the growth of interest in ballet and the performing arts in Canada during the 1940s, and how did this influence the later establishment of institutions like the National Ballet of Canada?
• How did World War II affect the development of theatre, music, and dance performances in Canadian cities like Toronto and Montreal?

The Impact of Immigration on Canadian Culture

The 1930s and 1940s saw waves of immigrants, particularly from Europe, who brought their artistic traditions to Canada. These immigrant communities contributed to the cultural diversity of Canada, particularly in urban centers like Toronto and Montreal, enriching visual arts, music, and theatre.

• How did European immigrants influence Canadian arts and culture during the 1930s and 1940s, particularly in urban centers like Toronto and Montreal?
• What contributions did immigrant artists, musicians, and writers make to Canada’s cultural landscape during this period?

The Role of Women in Arts and Literature

Women artists, writers, and musicians began to gain more prominence during this period. Female artists like Pegi Nicol MacLeod and writers like Gabrielle Roy began exploring themes related to women’s experiences, national identity, and social issues.

• How did women artists and writers in Canada, such as Pegi Nicol MacLeod and Gabrielle Roy, contribute to the Canadian cultural scene during the 1930s and 1940s?
• In what ways did women’s experiences during the Great Depression and World War II shape the themes explored by female Canadian artists and writers?

Wartime Art and the Canadian War Artists Program

During World War II, the Canadian government commissioned war artists to document the experiences of soldiers, battles, and the home front. These works became an important part of Canada’s artistic heritage and a way to connect art with national memory.

• How did the Canadian War Artists Program during World War II document the experiences of Canadian soldiers, and what impact did this art have on Canadian national memory?
• What were some notable works produced by Canadian war artists during World War II, and how did these artworks reflect the realities of war?

Frederick Banting – Medicine (discovered insulin)

Norman Bethune – Medicine (pioneered mobile blood transfusion during Spanish Civil War and WWII)

William Lyon Mackenzie King – Politics (Prime Minister of Canada during the Great Depression and WWII)

Elsie MacGill – Engineering (first female aircraft designer, played a key role in producing Hawker Hurricane planes during WWII)

John Grierson – Film (founder of the National Film Board of Canada)

Vincent Massey – Diplomacy (Canada’s first native-born Governor General, advocate for Canadian arts and culture)

Louis St. Laurent – Politics (Minister of Justice, future Prime Minister, and helped navigate Canada through WWII)

Tommy Douglas – Politics (Premier of Saskatchewan, advocated for public healthcare and social welfare programs)

Gabrielle Roy – Literature (author of The Tin Flute, which explored themes of poverty and social change)

Frank Scott – Literature/Law (poet and constitutional expert, founding member of the CCF, precursor to the NDP)

A.Y. Jackson – Art (Group of Seven painter, known for landscapes depicting Canada’s wilderness)

Lawren Harris – Art (founding member of the Group of Seven, painted abstract works after the 1930s)

Emily Carr – Art (painter and writer known for her depictions of Indigenous culture and the Canadian west coast)

Hugh MacLennan – Literature (author of Barometer Rising and Two Solitudes, focused on Canadian identity)

Nellie McClung – Women’s Rights (suffragist, social reformer, advocate for women’s rights during the Great Depression)

Agnes Macphail – Politics (first woman elected to the House of Commons, advocate for prison reform and social justice)

Margaret Eaton – Education (prominent social worker, advocate for higher education for women)

Adrien Arcand – Politics (leader of fascist movements in Quebec, pro-Nazi sympathizer)

Maurice Duplessis – Politics (Premier of Quebec, leader of the Union Nationale, opponent of organized labour)

Grey Owl (Archibald Belaney) – Conservation (prominent conservationist and advocate for Indigenous culture)

Clarence Decatur Howe – Politics/Engineering (Minister of Munitions and Supply during WWII, oversaw war production)

Emily Murphy – Women’s Rights (first female magistrate in the British Empire, social reformer, part of the “Famous Five”)

Mary Pickford – Film (silent film star, co-founder of United Artists, supporter of war efforts)

Lionel Conacher – Sports (multi-sport athlete, football, hockey, lacrosse, Olympic medalist)

Foster Hewitt – Broadcasting (pioneer of hockey broadcasting, famous for Hockey Night in Canada)

James Gladstone (Akay-na-muka) – Indigenous Rights (first Indigenous Senator in Canada, advocate for First Nations rights)

Adrienne Clarkson – Media (prominent CBC broadcaster, future Governor General of Canada)

R.B. Bennett – Politics (Prime Minister of Canada during the Great Depression, introduced the New Deal in Canada)

Jean-Paul Lemieux – Art (Quebec painter known for his work in social realism and portraiture)

Paul-Émile Borduas – Art (leader of the Automatistes, avant-garde artist movement in Quebec, co-author of Refus global)

George Beurling – Military (WWII fighter ace, one of Canada’s most successful pilots)

James Gladstone (Akay-na-muka) – Indigenous Rights (First Nations politician and activist, became Canada’s first Indigenous Senator in 1958, but was an advocate for Indigenous rights in the 1930s and 1940s).

Tommy Prince – Military (First Nations soldier from Manitoba who served in World War II and later the Korean War, one of Canada’s most decorated Indigenous soldiers).

John L’Heureux – Military (Métis soldier, one of the first Indigenous Canadians to serve as an officer in World War II).

Grey Owl (Archibald Belaney) – Conservation/Indigenous Identity (though not of Indigenous ancestry, Grey Owl adopted the persona of an Indigenous man and became a prominent conservationist and advocate for the protection of wildlife, gaining international recognition in the 1930s).

Doris Jean Labour (Métis) – Social Work/Activism (advocated for Métis rights and education during the 1930s and 1940s in Western Canada).

John Diefenbaker – Politics (future Prime Minister, opposition politician during WWII)

Mona Parsons – War Hero (Canadian resistance fighter in Nazi-occupied Netherlands during WWII)

Fanny Rosenfeld – Sports (Olympic athlete, “Canada’s Female Athlete of the First Half-Century”)

Maurice Richard – Sports (hockey player, one of the NHL’s greatest scorers during the 1940s)

Billy Bishop – Military (WWI fighter ace, helped promote Canada’s military aviation during WWII)

Gordon Sinclair – Journalism (prominent Canadian journalist and radio broadcaster)

Charlotte Whitton – Politics/Social Work (mayor of Ottawa, prominent advocate for social welfare and women’s rights)

Barbara Ann Scott – Sports (figure skater, won gold in the 1948 Olympics but was nationally recognized before then)

Charles Best – Medicine (co-discovered insulin, continued research in medical science during the 1930s and 1940s)

Mazo de la Roche – Literature (author of the Jalna series, popular novelist in Canada and abroad)

William Stephenson – Intelligence (Canadian spymaster, key figure in Allied intelligence operations during WWII)

Jean L’Heureux – Military (first Indigenous Canadian to achieve the rank of officer in WWII)

E.J. Pratt – Literature (poet known for his long narrative poems that explored Canadian themes)

Pegi Nicol MacLeod – Art (painter known for her depictions of wartime women and the home front during WWII)

John Buchan (Lord Tweedsmuir) – Politics/Literature (Governor General of Canada, author of The Thirty-Nine Steps)

Oscar Peterson – Music (jazz pianist, one of Canada’s greatest musicians, career began in the 1940s)

John McCrae – Military/Poetry (author of In Flanders Fields, though his legacy continued into WWII)

Tommy Holmes – Military (WWI and WWII veteran, recipient of the Victoria Cross)

Cairine Wilson – Politics (first woman appointed to the Senate, active in refugee and human rights issues during WWII) Barbara Ann Scott