Unit 3 Research Questions

Development of the CANDU Nuclear Reactor (1950s-1960s)

Canada became a global leader in nuclear technology with the development of the CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) reactor. This innovation provided a safe and efficient way to generate nuclear power and contributed significantly to Canada’s energy sector.

• How did the CANDU nuclear reactor revolutionize power generation in Canada, and what were its key technological innovations?
• What were the environmental and economic impacts of the CANDU reactor on Canada’s energy industry, particularly in provinces like Ontario?

The Avro Arrow and Aerospace Engineering (1950s)

The development of the Avro Arrow, a cutting-edge fighter jet, was a major technological achievement in Canadian aerospace engineering. Although the project was controversially cancelled in 1959, it showcased Canada’s ability to produce world-class aviation technology.

• Why was the Avro Arrow project cancelled in 1959, and what were the political and economic consequences of its cancellation for Canada’s aerospace industry?
• How did the technology and expertise developed for the Avro Arrow contribute to other aerospace advancements in Canada and internationally?

Growth of Telecommunications and the Launch of Alouette I (1962)

Canada became a pioneer in telecommunications with the launch of its first satellite, Alouette I, in 1962. This achievement placed Canada among the early leaders in space technology and revolutionized communication within the country and beyond.

• How did the launch of Alouette I position Canada as a leader in space technology, and what impact did it have on global telecommunications?
• What were the technological challenges involved in developing and launching Alouette I, and how did Canadian engineers overcome them?

Advances in Medical Research and Healthcare Technology

Post-war Canada saw numerous advances in medical research and healthcare technology, such as the development of pacemakers, open-heart surgery techniques, and cancer treatments. Canadian scientists and doctors made significant contributions to global medical progress during this period.

• How did Canadian scientists contribute to advancements in medical technology, such as the development of pacemakers and open-heart surgery techniques, during the 1950s and 1960s?
• What were some of the key medical breakthroughs in Canada during this period, and how did they improve patient care and outcomes?

Hydroelectric Power Expansion and Engineering

Hydroelectric power projects continued to expand during this period, particularly in Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. Large-scale projects, such as the James Bay Project in Quebec, helped meet growing energy demands and showcased Canadian engineering expertise.

• What were the economic and environmental impacts of major hydroelectric power projects like the James Bay Project on the regions where they were built?
• How did the development of hydroelectric power contribute to Canada’s growing energy needs during the post-war period, and what challenges were faced during its expansion?

The Creation of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and Expansion of Scientific Research

The NRC played a key role in post-war scientific and technological innovation, supporting research in fields such as physics, chemistry, and engineering. This period saw significant investment in scientific research to support national development and international competitiveness.

• How did the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) support scientific and technological innovation in the post-war period, and what were some of its major achievements?
• In what ways did the NRC’s research initiatives influence Canada’s role in international scientific research and development?

Environmental Science and the Study of Climate Change

During the 1970s, Canadian scientists became increasingly involved in environmental research, including early studies on climate change, pollution, and wildlife conservation. This period marked a growing awareness of environmental issues and the need for sustainable practices.

• How did Canadian scientists contribute to early research on climate change and environmental issues in the 1970s, and what were the key findings of their studies?
• What were the main environmental challenges Canada faced during this period, and how did scientific research inform government policy on pollution and conservation?

Introduction of Computer Technology and the Digital Revolution

The post-war period saw the gradual introduction of computer technology in Canada. By the 1970s, computers were becoming more widely used in government, business, and research institutions, paving the way for the digital revolution.

• How did the introduction of computer technology in the 1960s and 1970s transform industries such as business, government, and education in Canada?
• What were some of the key developments in Canada’s computer technology sector during this period, and how did these advancements pave the way for the digital revolution?

Indigenous Knowledge and Environmental Conservation

First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities played an important role in environmental conservation during this period, contributing traditional ecological knowledge to debates about land use and resource management. This knowledge became increasingly recognized in efforts to protect ecosystems and promote sustainable development.

• How did First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities contribute traditional ecological knowledge to conservation efforts in Canada during the 1970s, and what impact did this have on environmental policies?
• In what ways did Indigenous knowledge challenge or complement scientific approaches to environmental conservation during this period?

Northern Research and Indigenous Contributions to Arctic Science

As Canada became more involved in Arctic exploration and research, Inuit communities played a crucial role in contributing traditional knowledge to scientific studies. This period saw growing collaboration between scientists and Indigenous peoples in fields such as wildlife management, climate research, and sustainable development in the North.

• How did Inuit communities contribute to Arctic research during the post-war period, and what role did traditional knowledge play in scientific studies on wildlife and climate?
• What were some of the key scientific discoveries made in the Arctic during this time, and how did collaboration with Indigenous communities influence research outcomes?

Canada’s Role in the United Nations and Peacekeeping

After World War II, Canada became an active member of the United Nations and gained international recognition for its role in peacekeeping. Under the leadership of Lester B. Pearson, Canada helped create the first UN peacekeeping mission during the Suez Crisis of 1956.

• How did Lester B. Pearson’s involvement in resolving the Suez Crisis of 1956 lead to the creation of modern peacekeeping, and what was Canada’s role in the first UN peacekeeping mission?
• How did Canada’s involvement in UN peacekeeping missions throughout the Cold War influence its international reputation as a middle power and peacekeeping nation?

Canada-U.S. Relations and the Cold War

During the Cold War, Canada’s relationship with the United States grew stronger, particularly in defense and economic cooperation. Canada joined NATO in 1949 and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in 1957, playing a key role in continental defense.

• How did the Cold War strengthen military cooperation between Canada and the United States through organizations like NATO and NORAD?
• In what ways did Canada balance its close relationship with the U.S. while maintaining a distinct foreign policy during the Cold War, particularly on issues like nuclear weapons?

Canada and Decolonization

As former colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean gained independence, Canada became involved in the global decolonization movement, providing diplomatic support, aid, and peacekeeping forces to newly independent nations. Canada also established formal diplomatic relations with many of these new countries.

• How did Canada contribute to the global decolonization movement through diplomatic support, foreign aid, and peacekeeping missions in newly independent nations?
• What were some of the key ways Canada interacted with newly independent nations in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean, and how did these relationships shape Canadian foreign policy?

The Vietnam War and Canada’s Role as a Neutral Mediator

Although Canada did not officially participate in the Vietnam War, it played a role as a neutral mediator and hosted the International Control Commission, which monitored ceasefire agreements. Canada’s position as a peacekeeping nation helped shape its international reputation.

• How did Canada’s role in the International Control Commission during the Vietnam War demonstrate its commitment to neutrality and peacekeeping?
• In what ways did Canada’s opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War impact relations between the two countries during the Cold War?

The Arctic Sovereignty Debate

As interest in the Arctic grew during the Cold War, Canada asserted its sovereignty over Arctic territories, including the Northwest Passage. This led to debates over control of Arctic resources, defense, and the rights of Indigenous communities who live in the North.

• How did Canada assert its sovereignty over the Arctic during the Cold War, and what were the key issues surrounding control of the Northwest Passage and Arctic resources?
• How have Indigenous communities in the Arctic region influenced Canada’s policies on Arctic sovereignty, particularly regarding resource development and environmental protection?

Indigenous Diplomacy and International Advocacy for Rights

During this period, Indigenous leaders from Canada began participating in international forums to advocate for the recognition of Indigenous rights. This included involvement in the World Council of Indigenous Peoples (founded in 1975), where Indigenous leaders from around the world, including from Canada, worked to raise global awareness about issues like land rights and self-determination.

• How did Canadian Indigenous leaders contribute to the founding of the World Council of Indigenous Peoples in 1975, and what were the council’s main goals?
• In what ways did Canadian Indigenous leaders use international forums to advocate for issues such as land rights and self-determination during the 1970s and 1980s?

Canada’s Involvement in International Development and Foreign Aid

From the 1960s onwards, Canada increased its role in international development, providing foreign aid to countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Programs focused on poverty reduction, education, healthcare, and technical assistance, marking Canada as an important player in global development efforts.

• How did Canada’s foreign aid programs in the 1960s and 1970s contribute to poverty reduction and development in countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America?
• What role did Canadian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies play in shaping Canada’s international development policies during this period?

Relations with Cuba

Despite tensions between Cuba and the United States during the Cold War, Canada maintained diplomatic and economic relations with Cuba. Canada was one of the only Western countries to continue trading with Cuba, and this relationship remained important in terms of trade and diplomacy.

• Why did Canada choose to maintain diplomatic and economic relations with Cuba during the Cold War, despite U.S. pressure to isolate the country?
• How did Canada’s continued trade and diplomacy with Cuba impact its relationship with both the United States and Latin American countries?

Canada’s Involvement in Nuclear Arms Control and Disarmament

During the Cold War, Canada became an advocate for nuclear arms control and disarmament. Canada signed several international treaties aimed at reducing the spread of nuclear weapons, including the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1968.

• What role did Canada play in advocating for nuclear arms control during the Cold War, particularly in signing treaties like the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968?
• How did Canada balance its involvement in nuclear disarmament initiatives with its participation in NATO, a military alliance that relied on nuclear deterrence?

Canada’s Role in Supporting Indigenous Rights in International Forums

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Canadian Indigenous leaders began attending international conferences and participating in global networks to advocate for Indigenous rights. They played an important role in shaping the emerging global Indigenous rights movement, particularly around issues of land claims and cultural preservation.

• How did Canadian Indigenous leaders contribute to international discussions on Indigenous rights during the 1960s and 1970s, and what were their key concerns?
• In what ways did participation in global networks and international forums help strengthen the Indigenous rights movement in Canada, particularly around land claims and cultural preservation?

The Quiet Revolution in Quebec (1960s)

The Quiet Revolution in Quebec was a period of intense socio-political change that sought to modernize Quebec society, reduce the influence of the Catholic Church, and increase the role of the provincial government in areas like education, healthcare, and the economy. It also fostered Quebec nationalism and calls for greater autonomy.

• How did the Quiet Revolution in Quebec reshape the province’s relationship with the Catholic Church, and what changes were made to education and healthcare during this period?
• In what ways did the Quiet Revolution fuel the growth of Quebec nationalism and the movement for greater provincial autonomy or independence?

The Rise of the Women’s Rights Movement

The post-war period saw significant advances in women’s rights in Canada. The 1960s and 1970s, in particular, were marked by activism for equal pay, reproductive rights, and greater representation of women in the workforce and politics. The Royal Commission on the Status of Women (1970) played a key role in advancing gender equality.

• How did the Quiet Revolution in Quebec reshape the province’s relationship with the Catholic Church, and what changes were made to education and healthcare during this period?
• In what ways did the Quiet Revolution fuel the growth of Quebec nationalism and the movement for greater provincial autonomy or independence?

Indigenous Activism and the Red Paper (1970)

The 1969 White Paper proposed by the federal government aimed to assimilate Indigenous peoples by abolishing the Indian Act and ending Indigenous rights. In response, Indigenous leaders produced the Red Paper, a powerful rejection of the White Paper that called for the recognition of Indigenous land rights, self-determination, and treaty obligations.

• How did the Red Paper respond to the 1969 White Paper, and what were the main arguments made by Indigenous leaders against the federal government’s assimilation policies?
• In what ways did the Red Paper contribute to the rise of Indigenous political activism in Canada, and how did it influence future government policies on Indigenous rights?

Residential Schools and Indigenous Resilience

Although residential schools began to close during this period, their legacy continued to impact First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities. Indigenous peoples began organizing to challenge the ongoing effects of assimilation policies, demanding justice and compensation for survivors of the residential school system.

• What were the long-term effects of the residential school system on First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities in Canada, and how did survivors begin advocating for justice and compensation?
• How did Indigenous peoples in Canada resist the legacy of residential schools during the 1960s and 1970s, and what steps were taken to preserve Indigenous cultures and languages?

Expansion of Social Welfare Programs

During the 1960s and 1970s, Canada saw a major expansion of its social welfare programs, including the introduction of Medicare (universal healthcare), the Canada Pension Plan (CPP), and other social security measures aimed at reducing poverty and improving the standard of living for Canadians.

• How did the introduction of universal healthcare (Medicare) and the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) during the 1960s and 1970s improve the standard of living for Canadians?
• What were the key political and social factors that led to the expansion of social welfare programs in Canada during this period, and how did they reflect changing attitudes toward government responsibility?

Multiculturalism and Immigration Policy

In 1971, Canada became the first country in the world to adopt an official multiculturalism policy. This policy encouraged the preservation of cultural heritage while promoting integration into Canadian society. Immigration policies also shifted, moving away from Eurocentric preferences to include immigrants from diverse regions, including Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean.

• How did Canada’s official policy of multiculturalism, introduced in 1971, change the country’s approach to immigration and the integration of diverse cultural communities?
• In what ways did changes to Canada’s immigration policies during the 1960s and 1970s lead to greater cultural diversity, particularly in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal?

The October Crisis (1970)

The October Crisis occurred when the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), a radical separatist group, kidnapped two public officials, leading to the invocation of the War Measures Act by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. This event had a significant impact on civil liberties and Quebec’s independence movement.

• How did the October Crisis and the actions of the FLQ impact civil liberties in Canada, and why did Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoke the War Measures Act?
• What were the long-term effects of the October Crisis on the Quebec independence movement, and how did it shape Quebec’s political landscape in the following decades?

The Growth of the Labour Movement and Union Influence

The post-war period saw the rise of organized labour in Canada, with unions gaining more influence in politics and the economy. The 1960s and 1970s were marked by widespread strikes, particularly in industries like manufacturing, mining, and public services, as workers sought better wages and conditions.

• How did organized labour in Canada gain political and economic influence during the 1960s and 1970s, and what were the main issues driving widespread strikes during this period?
• In what ways did unions in Canada advocate for better wages, working conditions, and job security during the post-war period, particularly in industries like manufacturing and public services?

Indigenous Land Claims and Legal Battles

During this period, Indigenous communities in Canada began to engage in legal battles to reclaim traditional lands and resources. Significant court cases, such as the Calder case in 1973, helped lay the groundwork for the recognition of Aboriginal land rights and treaty negotiations, particularly in British Columbia and the North.

• How did the 1973 Calder case impact the recognition of Aboriginal land rights in Canada, and what role did it play in shaping future land claim negotiations?
• What were some of the key legal battles fought by Indigenous communities in Canada during the 1960s and 1970s, and how did these cases contribute to the broader movement for Indigenous self-determination?

Environmentalism and Indigenous Perspectives on Land Use

The 1970s saw the rise of environmentalism in Canada, with growing awareness of pollution, resource extraction, and the need for conservation. Indigenous communities were at the forefront of many environmental debates, offering traditional ecological knowledge and challenging government policies on land use, especially in relation to logging, mining, and hydroelectric projects.

• How did Indigenous communities in Canada contribute to environmental conservation efforts during the 1970s, particularly in relation to resource extraction projects like logging and mining?
• In what ways did Indigenous perspectives on land use challenge government policies on environmental protection and natural resource management during this period?

The Rise of Canadian Cinema and the National Film Board (NFB)

After World War II, Canada’s film industry began to grow, with the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) playing a key role in producing documentary and educational films. By the 1960s, the NFB was instrumental in fostering Canadian talent and showcasing Canadian stories to both domestic and international audiences.

• How did the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) contribute to the development of Canadian cinema, and what were some of its most significant productions during the post-war period?
• In what ways did the NFB promote Canadian identity and culture through documentary filmmaking, both domestically and internationally?

The Influence of the Group of Seven and Canadian Landscape Art

The legacy of the Group of Seven continued to influence Canadian artists, particularly those focused on landscape painting. This period also saw the rise of new artists who built on the Group of Seven’s focus on Canada’s natural environment while exploring modern and abstract techniques.

• How did the work of the Group of Seven influence subsequent generations of Canadian landscape artists, and how did their legacy evolve during the 1960s and 1970s?
• In what ways did Canadian artists of the post-war period reinterpret or challenge the Group of Seven’s portrayal of the natural environment, incorporating modern or abstract elements?

Growth of Canadian Music and International Success

Canadian musicians, such as Gordon Lightfoot, Joni Mitchell, and Leonard Cohen, gained international fame in the 1960s and 1970s. The period also saw the rise of popular Canadian rock bands, contributing to Canada’s growing presence on the global music scene.

• How did Canadian musicians such as Joni Mitchell, Leonard Cohen, and Gordon Lightfoot achieve international success, and how did their music reflect Canadian identity?
• In what ways did Canadian rock bands and pop artists of the 1960s and 1970s contribute to the global music scene, and what role did Canadian radio and television play in promoting them?

Indigenous Art and Cultural Revitalization

First Nations, Métis, and Inuit artists gained recognition during this period as their work became more visible in galleries and exhibitions. Artists like Norval Morrisseau and Bill Reid brought Indigenous art to national and international audiences, promoting Indigenous cultural revitalization and challenging stereotypes.

• How did artists like Norval Morrisseau and Bill Reid contribute to the revitalization of Indigenous art in Canada, and how did their work challenge mainstream stereotypes?
• What impact did the increasing visibility of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit art in galleries and exhibitions have on the recognition of Indigenous culture in Canada and internationally?

The Development of Canadian Theatre

The post-war period saw the growth of professional Canadian theatre, with institutions such as the Stratford Festival (founded in 1953) and the National Arts Centre (opened in 1969) becoming cultural landmarks. Canadian playwrights like Michel Tremblay and George Ryga also emerged, bringing Canadian stories and social issues to the stage.

• How did the founding of institutions like the Stratford Festival and the National Arts Centre contribute to the growth of professional theatre in Canada, and what were some of their notable productions?
• In what ways did Canadian playwrights like Michel Tremblay and George Ryga use theatre to address social and political issues, particularly related to Canadian identity and language?

The Emergence of Canadian Literature and “CanLit”

From the 1950s to the 1980s, Canadian literature experienced a golden age, with writers such as Margaret Atwood, Mordecai Richler, and Robertson Davies gaining national and international recognition. This period, often referred to as the “CanLit” boom, saw the rise of a distinct Canadian literary voice.

• How did Canadian authors like Margaret Atwood, Mordecai Richler, and Robertson Davies contribute to the rise of “CanLit,” and what themes were central to their works during this period?
• In what ways did the rise of Canadian literature during the 1950s to 1980s reflect the country’s social, political, and cultural changes, and how did it shape Canada’s literary identity?

Multiculturalism in Canadian Arts

Following the introduction of Canada’s official multiculturalism policy in 1971, the arts began to reflect the country’s growing diversity. Artists from various cultural backgrounds contributed to a rich tapestry of Canadian culture, particularly in urban centres like Toronto and Vancouver.

• How did Canada’s official policy of multiculturalism, introduced in 1971, influence the diversity of voices and perspectives represented in Canadian arts and culture?
• In what ways did artists from immigrant and minority communities contribute to the cultural landscape of Canadian cities like Toronto and Vancouver, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s?

The Influence of Radio and Television in Canadian Culture

The post-war period saw the rise of Canadian radio and television, with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) playing a central role in broadcasting Canadian content. Shows like The Friendly Giant, Hockey Night in Canada, and Front Page Challenge became staples of Canadian television.

• How did the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) help shape national identity through radio and television programming in the post-war period?
• In what ways did Canadian television shows like Hockey Night in Canada and The Friendly Giant become cultural staples, and what impact did they have on Canadian society?

Visual Art Movements: Abstract and Modern Art

While landscape art remained popular, Canada also saw the rise of modern and abstract art movements during this period. Artists like Jean-Paul Riopelle and Jack Bush gained international acclaim for their abstract works, contributing to the development of modern art in Canada.

• How did Canadian artists such as Jean-Paul Riopelle and Jack Bush contribute to the development of modern and abstract art in Canada, and how were they received internationally?
• In what ways did the abstract and modern art movements in Canada challenge traditional landscape painting and reflect broader cultural or political shifts during the post-war period?

Inuit Art and Global Recognition

Inuit artists gained significant attention during this period, particularly for their sculptures and prints. Artists like Kenojuak Ashevak and Pitseolak Ashoona became internationally recognized, helping to elevate Inuit art as a vital part of Canada’s artistic landscape.

• How did Inuit artists such as Kenojuak Ashevak and Pitseolak Ashoona achieve global recognition, and what themes or techniques distinguished their work from other contemporary Canadian artists?
• In what ways did the international success of Inuit art contribute to the recognition and preservation of Inuit culture, and how did it impact the broader Canadian art scene?

William Lyon Mackenzie King – Politics (Prime Minister of Canada during WWII)

Norman Bethune – Medicine (pioneered mobile blood transfusion during Spanish Civil War and WWII)

Tommy Prince – Military (First Nations soldier, one of Canada’s most decorated Indigenous war heroes)

Frederick Banting – Medicine (co-discovered insulin, continued medical research during WWII)

Vincent Massey – Politics/Diplomacy (Canada’s first native-born Governor General)

Maurice Duplessis – Politics (Premier of Quebec, leader of the Union Nationale)

Louis St. Laurent – Politics (Minister of Justice, later Prime Minister of Canada)

Agnes Macphail – Politics (first woman elected to the Canadian Parliament, advocate for prison reform)

James Gladstone (Akay-na-muka) – Indigenous Rights (First Nations leader, first Indigenous Canadian Senator)

Billy Bishop – Military (WWI fighter ace, promoted Canada’s aviation efforts during WWII)

Lionel Conacher – Sports (multi-sport athlete, Olympic medalist, “Canada’s Greatest Athlete”)

John Diefenbaker – Politics (opposition leader during WWII, later Prime Minister)

Emily Carr – Art (painter and writer known for her depictions of Indigenous culture and the Canadian West Coast)

Foster Hewitt – Broadcasting (pioneering hockey broadcaster, famous for Hockey Night in Canada)

Mary Pickford – Film (silent film star, co-founder of United Artists)

Elsie MacGill – Engineering (first female aircraft designer, oversaw production of Hawker Hurricane planes during WWII)

Percy Williams – Sports (Olympic sprinter, gold medalist in 1928)

Pegi Nicol MacLeod – Art (painter known for her wartime depictions of women working on the home front)

Maurice Richard – Sports (hockey player, one of the NHL’s greatest scorers)

Clarence Decatur Howe – Politics/Engineering (Minister of Munitions and Supply during WWII)

Mona Parsons – War Hero (Canadian resistance fighter in Nazi-occupied Netherlands)

Charles Best – Medicine (co-discovered insulin, continued research in medical science during the 1930s and 1940s)

Tommy Douglas – Politics (Premier of Saskatchewan, introduced North America’s first public healthcare program)

Gabrielle Roy – Literature (author of The Tin Flute, focused on poverty and social issues in Quebec)

Nellie McClung – Women’s Rights (suffragist, social reformer)

Mazo de la Roche – Literature (author of the Jalna series, internationally recognized Canadian novelist)

William Stephenson – Intelligence (Canadian spymaster, key figure in Allied intelligence during WWII)

Emily Murphy – Law/Women’s Rights (first female magistrate in the British Empire, part of the “Famous Five”)

Fanny Rosenfeld – Sports (Olympic athlete, track and field, “Canada’s Female Athlete of the First Half-Century”)

John McCrae – Military/Poetry (author of In Flanders Fields)

Paul-Émile Borduas – Art (leader of the Automatistes, avant-garde artist movement in Quebec)

Oscar Peterson – Music (jazz pianist, one of Canada’s greatest musicians)

R.B. Bennett – Politics (Prime Minister of Canada during the Great Depression)

Jean-Paul Riopelle – Art (painter known for his abstract works, major figure in modern Canadian art)

Barbara Ann Scott – Sports (figure skater, became nationally recognized before winning Olympic gold in 1948)

Norval Morrisseau – Art (First Nations artist, founder of the Woodland School of Art, revitalized Indigenous art)

Doris Jean Labour (Métis) – Social Work/Activism (advocate for Métis rights and education in Western Canada)

George P. Vanier – Military (WWI hero, diplomat, future Governor General of Canada)

Adrien Arcand – Politics (leader of fascist movements in Quebec, pro-Nazi sympathizer)

J.E.H. MacDonald – Art (Group of Seven painter, continued to influence Canadian landscape art)

Tom Longboat – Sports (Onondaga long-distance runner, WWI veteran, continued to be a Canadian sports icon)

Margaret Eaton – Education/Social Work (prominent advocate for higher education for women)

Kenojuak Ashevak – Art (Inuit artist known for her prints and drawings, played a key role in the global recognition of Inuit art)

Bill Reid – Art (Haida sculptor and artist, major figure in revitalizing Indigenous Northwest Coast art)

Henri Bourassa – Politics/Journalism (French-Canadian nationalist, opposed conscription in both world wars)

Arthur Meighen – Politics (Prime Minister of Canada, later involved in WWII politics)

George Beurling – Military (WWII fighter ace, known as “The Falcon of Malta”)

Grey Owl (Archibald Belaney) – Conservation (pioneer in wildlife preservation, advocated for Indigenous culture, posed as an indigenous person)

Jean L’Heureux – Military (Métis officer in WWII, advocate for Indigenous soldiers)

Charlotte Whitton – Politics/Social Work (prominent advocate for social welfare, first female mayor of Ottawa) Tom Longboat